| Grammar | Romaji | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| は | wa | topic marker (“as for”) |
| が | ga | subject marker |
| を | o | object marker |
| の | no | possession / of |
| と/や | to / ya | and / with |
| も | mo | also / too |
| で | de | at, by, in, because, etc. |
| ~か？ | ~ka? | for asking questions |
| から | kara | from / because |
| まで | made | until / to |
| に/へ | ni / e | to (direction) |
| より | yori | than (comparison) |
| とき | toki | when |
| ので | node | because / since |
| が、けど、けれども | ga / kedo / keredomo | but / though |
| しかし | shikashi | however |
| ~した | shita | did |
| ~たい | ~tai | want to (do something) |
| だけ | dake | only / just |
| ~ている | ~teiru | be doing / state |
| ~てから | ~te kara | after doing |
| ~てはいけない | ~te wa ikenai | must not / not allowed |
| ~なければならない | ~nakereba naranai | must / have to |
| もう~ないといけない | mou ~ nai to ikenai | must / have to (already) |
| ~なくてもいい | ~nakute mo ii | don’t have to |
| ~てもいい | ~te mo ii | may / it’s okay to |
| ~たり~たりする | ~tari ~tari suru | do things like ~ and ~ |
| ~すること、~したこと | ~surukoto, ~shitakoto | to do; what (someone) did |
| ~したことがある | ~shita koto ga aru | I have done~ |
| ~ことができる | ~koto ga dekiru | can / be able to |
| ~てください | ~te kudasai | Please do~ |
| ~ないでください | ~naide kudasai | please don’t ~ |
| ~ませんか？ | ~masen ka? | shall we ~ / won’t you ~ |
| ~ましょう | ~mashou | let’s ~ |
| ~すぎる | ~sugiru | too much / excessively |
| ~でしょう / ~だろう | ~deshou / ~darou | probably / I suppose |
| まだ | mada | still / not yet |
| もう | mou | already |
| から〜まで | kara ~ made | from ~ to ~ |
| とおもう | to omou | I think that ~ |
| 〜ほうがいい | ~ga hou ga ii | had better ~ |
| ~が ほしい | ~ga hoshii | I want~ |
| 〜より〜のほうが | ~yori ~no hou ga | ~ is more ~ than ~ |
| いちばん〜 | ichiban ~ | the most ~ |
| 〜く／〜になる | ~ku / ~ni naru | to become ~ |
| 〜がある／いる | ~ga aru / iru | there is / there are |
| 〜も〜も | ~mo ~mo | both ~ and ~ |
| どうやって | dou yatte | how (to do something) |
| どのくらい | dono kurai | how long / how much |
| まだ〜ていない | mada ~te inai | haven’t yet done ~ |
| なぜ、どうして | naze , doushite | why |
| どんな | donna | what kind of |
| つもり | tsumori | plan to / will |
| じゃない、ではない | janai, dewa nai | to not be |
| いっしょに | isshoni | together |
| Grammar | Romaji | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ~ の うえ | ~ no ue | on, above |
| ~ の した | ~ no shita | under, below |
| ~ の なか | ~ no naka | inside |
| ~ の よこ | ~ no yoko | side, next to |
| ~ の うしろ | ~ no ushiro | behind |
| ~ の まえ | ~ no mae | in front of |
| Grammar | Romaji | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| この | kono | this |
| その | sono | that |
| あの | ano | that |
| これ | kore | this one |
| それ | sore | that one |
| あれ | are | that one |
| これら | korera | these |
| それら | sorera | those |